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            <div class="desc">我发布了一篇文章</div>
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守护她健康︳特需儿童情绪管理

<div class="creator-platform-content"><p>通常情况下情绪对个体的影响是正面的，它激励个体为生命中重要的事情而努力；然而当出现不恰当的情绪化反应时候，情绪会给个体制造麻烦。每一种情绪的背后必然有一些在头脑中已经根生蒂固的诱因，最常见是通过自动化评估体系的运作完成。比如说碰到火，手肯定瞬间抽回，因为产生了恐惧的情绪。第二种途径是思考性评估，使个体在情绪出现之前对其诱因作出反应，为个体的思维留出了更多的空间，防止个体对外界的事件做出错误的判断。第三种是对过去情绪经历的回顾，回想过去的某些情景时会变得情绪化。想象是第四种，脑海中想象一些情景使个体自己变得情绪化。第五种是谈论过去的情绪经历。对于过去经历过的情绪，再去谈论的时候，会产生新的情绪反应。情绪产生的第六种方式是体会别人的情绪反应。第七种是他人教导个体何时应该情绪化。第八种是违反社会规范。社会规范或是社会道德标准不能被孩子很好地消化，都会以情绪的方式表现出来。</p><p>第九种是表情，不同的面部表情会产生不同情绪，当我们做出某些表情时，会强烈地感受到某些情绪。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>情绪问题和共病症状表现</strong></p><p>首先：特需儿童的情绪问题，往往是在以破坏性行为的方式呈现出来时，才会被大人意识到。有一些非破坏性的行为是会被我们忽略的。比如我们的孩子可能会感官过于敏感、会误解他人的面部表情和动作含义、对自我的情绪缺乏感知力，不会表达。其次：特需大龄儿童的情绪问题，要从情绪失调和情绪障碍两个角度来看。情绪失调表现为低挫折低耐受性、易激惹、暴躁，易发脾气、易兴奋、情绪波动比较大。情绪障碍则会表现出明显的焦虑，抑郁和恐惧等症状表现。需要引起重视的是：显著的情绪失调问题是未来发展为精神障碍的高危因素和先兆表现，应该给予高度重视以及尽早的干预。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>情绪问题干预的原则</strong></p><p>安全的孩子最幸福，给予孩子安全感是一切治疗的基础，也是综合干预的方向盘。情绪的产生和改变还是要回到前面提到的情绪主题诱因里面去分析，在不同的需求层次理论层面去控制和协调。人都渴望生活在安全有序的环境中，在儿童生活的早期，从满足儿童安全感的需要着手进行干预，家长或老师以帮助者而非教导者的角色陪伴在孩子身边，那么在安全感需求得到满足之后，孩子会极少出现情绪问题。</p><p>归属与爱的需求，是指与他人建立情感联系的需要。如果家长能做到想孩子之所想，急孩子之所急，前两层需要得到满足就会产生归属与爱的需求，也就是社交需要，同时孩子出现情绪反应时，自我调节能力也可以更好的发挥作用。</p><p><br></p><p><strong>考量共病的综合管理</strong></p><p>除了情绪问题要放在需要层次理论层面去思考之外，孩子往往还会有其他相关的共病，比如ASD共病神经发育类疾病、抽动、学习障碍、智力落后、注意缺陷多动障碍，那么怎样去评价和处理共病呢？</p><p>其中一个方面是看孩子情绪问题严重程度，比如是否处于焦虑状态，或者是抑郁状态，情绪障碍等等，更重要的是关注孩子的社会功能，社会功能包括：学业功能，人际关系，心理适应性（心理弹性），情绪问题。社会功能是评价和制定治疗计划的基础。是否需要药物治疗的基础上进行综合性的干预模式？我们去判断孩子的社会功能，是处于失调状态，还是严重受损状态？以及社会功能受损有可能会出现哪一些连锁反应，而这些是否会影响孩子的身心健康发展？由此再来决定是否需要药物治疗，或者是否在药物治疗的基础上进行综合性的干预。</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p><strong>情绪失控行为管理</strong></p><p>一说到如何应对特需儿童的情绪障碍行为表现，大家首先想到一定是如何处理失控端。对于一些不可取情绪行为比如攻击性行为或者一些危险行为的处理基本步骤是非常明确的。需要立即执行的步骤，就是阻止不良行为，要尽快行动，不要争论。要给予简短的训斥，指明行为，坚定的语气，去告知他。同时，要迅速地隔离孩子，隔离而非谈话。搭建一个暂时隔离区，给孩子一个空间或者一个场地，去帮助孩子平复他的情绪，注意隔离期间不要和孩子讲道理。隔离结束之后，简短交谈隔离理由就可以。等到以后在孩子情绪平静时，我们可以帮助孩子回忆曾经 发生过的的事情，并引导孩子将情绪表达出来，可以选用语言、画图或其他孩子熟悉的方式表达。如果问题行为很大，家长可以思考是否需要隔离结束后再给予其他处罚，但这个不能事先告知孩子。其他可以用到的惩罚方式比如自然结果、逻辑结果的惩罚或者行为处罚都可以减少不良行为的发生。</p></div>